Microplastic content of over-the-counter toothpastes - a systematic review

Background: Microplastic particles are used as ingredients in personal care products such face washes, shower gels and toothpastes form one of the main sources microplastic pollution, especially marine environment. In addition to being a potential pollutant environment, transfer microplastics humans can become severe threat public health. This systematic review was conceptualized identify evidence for presence characteristics toothpaste formulations. Methods: The PICOS Criteria including studies review. Electronic databases Scopus, Embase, Springer Link, PubMed, Web Science Google Scholar were searched, well hand reference searching articles carried out. The screened using software application, Covidence® data extracted. Results: This showed that from China, Vietnam, Myanmar UAE, reported no those Malaysia, Turkey India microplastics. shape present these found be granular, irregular with opaque appearance also fragments fibers percentage weight grams ranged 0.2 7.24%. Malaysia releases 0.199 trillion microbeads annually into environment release an average 871 million annually. Similarly, India, it has been 1.4 billion emitted toothpaste. Conclusions: findings this provide toothpastes, at least some parts world, do contain there is great risk increase by use toothpaste.